Chapter
Liverpool and London do not invent electric rock; they industrialize it. From 1964 the Beatles move from hit singles to full albums and multi-track studio work. The Rolling Stones keep Chicago blues covers and swagger on the charts. The Who smash gear on stage and write power-chord anthems. Hendrix, in London from 1966, pushes feedback, wah, and controlled noise into mainstream sets. By 1969 the working model is clear: self-contained band, album as primary product, touring as spectacle.
Sound: Rickenbacker jangle, Marshall stacks, four-track then eight-track studios